Vol.3_No.1_Edicna_seria_LABORATORNA_MEDICINA-VEREJNE_ZDRAVOTNICTVO

RISKS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER

TIRPÁKOVÁ Michaela

Ústav verejného zdravotníctva, Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, Lekárska fakulta, Košice

ABSTRACT

Background: In the female population, breast tumors are the most frequent malignancy. The the total incidence of cancer in women in the 15 to 30% share. Participated in the research 80 respondents. One group consisted of 40 women with confir-med by breast cancer and a second group consisted of 40 wo-men without breast cancer, which represented a control group.

Objectives: The task of the research was to transform theoretical knowledge into clinical practice and to evaluate risk factors that affect the incidence of the cancer of the breast in the population of Slovak women, focusing on the preventable non-genetic etiological factors.

Materials and Methods: The methodology applied research "case - control" coincides with the data collection IARC. Answers were statistically evaluated, and used descriptive assessment in the form of tables and graphs and analytical evaluation using the chi-square test and the degree of significance. Individual risk factors compared to each other in both investigated groups.

Results: When analyzing the data was statistical significance in eating habits, particularly the consumption of fruit and vegetables and an occasional alcohol consumption.

Conclusion: The results of document the occurrence of selec-ted lifestyle risk factors that are involved in the the develop-ment of breast cancer, mainly in the female population between 41 and 60 years of age. The best prevention should be a lifestyle change, such as reducing alcohol consumption, ability to cope with stressful situations, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.

Keywords: Smoking. Breast cancer. Risk factors.

BREAST CANCER IN YOUNG WOMEN - RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

FROM WORKPLACE RÁDIOLOGICKÁ KLINIKA, s.r.o.

SLOBODNÍKOVÁ Jana^1,2, KRAJČOVIČOVÁ Zdenka¹, MELUŠ Vladimír¹

¹ Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

²Rádiologická klinika s.r.o., Trenčín

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer represents the most common malignancy of the female population, its incidence statistical significantly increa-ses mainly between 50^th – 60^th and 60^th – 70^th year of age.
In recent years however, we meet more often with the occur-rence of breast cancer in women before age 30 but also between 30^th and 40^th  year of life. For women who have not yet reached the age from which starts the screening of the disease, there is not organized, allover, statistically tested and uniformly controlled breast examination. Statistics of breast cancer incidence in the women population so called pre-screening group, i.e. to 40^th, 45^th and 50^th year of life are in the Slovak Republic due to organizational changes in the National Cancer Registry of the Slovakia not available. In our retro-spective study we compare the number of new diagnosed breast cancers of young women (women under 40^th year of life at the time of diagnosis) of all newly diagnosed breast cancers on the Clinic of Radiology Ltd. within the period of 10 years with the statistics of neighboring countries.

Key words:  Young wome. Breast cancer. Screning.  Breast sonography. Mammography.

HOW MUCH MEAT IS REALLY IN MEAT PRODUCTS?

FRAŇO Ľuboš^1,2

¹ Ústav analytickej chémie, Fakulta chemickej a potravinárskej technológie STU  v Bratislave, Bratislava

² MIKROLAB, s.r.o. , Rimavská Sobota

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The consumer wants to buy food that is not only cheap, tasty, but also medically flawless. In the most cases these criteria are excluded. An exception is not even meat products. At present is paying too much attention to the requirements for hygiene, but the quality is ignored. All the information which consumer can trust is the information declared on the label. But is this information always truthful?

Aim: In this study we aimed to determine the amount of meat in meat products and compare it with the information on the label and with the Journal of the Ministry Decree no. 1895 / 2004-100 Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Ministry of Health on 18 August 2005.

Patients and methods: Legislative a desirable method for calculating the amount of meat, Stubbs-Moor method des-cribed in the Guidelines ŠVPS 4512 / 05-270 and 4798 / 05-270 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2004/2002. Method consists in determining protein, fat, hydroxyproline, ash, water and soy. Between 01/2011 - 06/2014, we analyzed 459 sam-ples of meat products. The composition of them was compared with the labelling declared on the labels.

Results: A total of 459 samples were examined meat products from 10 manufacturers. Of all examined samples we observed inconsistencies in labelling at 40 samples (quantity of meat under the declared value was from 8-15%) and non-com-pliance with the Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2 samples (set values were lower compared to that prescribed by 5-8%). The largest contributions in the calculation of the meat content are proteins. In the high-quality meat product they should only come from meat. Nowadays, commonly replace-ment for the meat protein is vegetable protein, soya or soy flour, which increases the nutritional value of meat products, but on the other hand soy is one of the allergens, which must be described on the label. In terms of time can be stated oscillating trend of unsatisfactory samples of meat products, which were non-compliance with a label.

Conclusion: The quality of food is still a debated issue, and therefore control the quality of meat products is an irreplace-able role in the direction along the food chain from producer to consumer. Modern society is still reviewing the approach to healthy eating and healthy lifestyle. Producer in addition to the safety must comply with the labelling requirements of food so that consumers are not misled, especially as regards its composition.

Key words: Meat content. Stubbs-Moor method. Codex Alimentary. Food quality.

DIAGNOSTICS OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES (GUIDELINES)

FÁBRYOVÁ Viera¹, BALÍKOVÁ Alžbeta¹, BOŽEK Peter¹,
KOLLÁROVÁ Andrea², NETRIOVÁ Jana^1,3

¹ Oddelenie klinickej biochémie a hematológie, Nemocnica sv. Michala a.s., Bratislava

² Ústav laboratórnej medicíny, Laboratórium lekárskej genetiky FN v Nitre, Nitra

³ Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

ABSTRACT

Sickle cell anaemia and thallassaemias are a major health problem in many countries in Africa and Asia. In the last years due to migrants  appear genetic globin  mutations in a homo-zygous form with severe clinical conditions in Europe. They become a great medical and social problem. WHO, ENERCA (European network for rare and congenital anaemias) and TIF (Thallassaemia international federation) program designed to search and manage hemoglobinopathies in countries with a high prevalence and a sporadic occurence of the diseases. In this paper we present recommended practices for detection of haemoglobinopathies in our population.

INTRODUCTION OF MONITORING OF NEW ANTICOAGULANTS

ČAVOJSKÁ Miroslava¹, NETRIOVÁ Jana ^1,2

¹ Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

² Oddelenie klinickej biochémie a hematológie, Nemocnica svätého Michala, a.s., Bratislava

ABSTRACT

Manufacturer's recommendations for the treatment of Dabi-gatran is not necessary monitoring. Therefore, it is essential to know about the status of hemostasis patient so that she could be provided with adequate health care. In this paper, we focus on the introduction of new methodologies to monitor the effectiveness of treatment with Dabigatran. PT is a little sensitive, the treatment for monitoring of clotting time, depending on the concentration of the drug in the blood test Hemoclot monitored.

Key words: Diagnostics. Therapy. Anticoagulants.

INTRODUCTION OF MONITORING OF NEW ANTICOAGULANTS

ČAVOJSKÁ Miroslava¹, NETRIOVÁ Jana ^1,2

¹ Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

² Oddelenie klinickej biochémie a hematológie, Nemocnica svätého Michala, a.s., Bratislava

ABSTRACT

Manufacturer's recommendations for the treatment of Dabi-gatran is not necessary monitoring. Therefore, it is essential to know about the status of hemostasis patient so that she could be provided with adequate health care. In this paper, we focus on the introduction of new methodologies to monitor the effectiveness of treatment with Dabigatran. PT is a little sensitive, the treatment for monitoring of clotting time, depending on the concentration of the drug in the blood test Hemoclot monitored.

Key words: Diagnostics. Therapy. Anticoagulants.

THE USE OF MICROCHIP ELECTROPHORESIS IN MONITORING OF SOME NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

TROŠKA Peter, MASÁR Marián, BODOR Róbert

Katedra analytickej chémie, Prírodovedecká fakulta Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave, Bratislava

ABSTRACT

Background: Several serious neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis, and Parkinson's disease are affected by changes in the concentration levels of nitrite and nitrate, oxidation products of nitric oxide, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Aims: The aim of this study was to develop new electro-phoretic separation systems based on the miniaturized devices – microchips in order to achieve fast, sensitive and reliable determination of nitrite and nitrate in CSF.

Methods: Electrophoretic separations of nitrite and nitrate were carried out on a microchip with coupled separation channels. Analytes were pre-concentrated by isotachophoresis (ITP) performed in the first separation channel. In the second separation channel, analytes were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and subsequently detected by an integrated conductivity detector. Microextraction sample pretreatment based on solid phase extraction (SPE) was incorporated into the analytical procedure in order to remove interferents present in the CSF (chloride).

Results: The proposed SPE-ITP-CZE approach was used for the analysis of real CSF samples, in which concentrations of nitrite ranged from 0.9 to 3.0 μmol/l and from 10 to 45 μmol/l for nitrate.

Conclusion: Developed microanalytical method can be used for fast monitoring of concentration levels of nitrite and nitrate in CSF in clinical laboratories.

Keywords: Neurotransmitter. Nitrite. Nitrate. Microchip electrophoresis. Cerebrospinal fluid.

Application of microchip electrophoresis to the monitoring of oxidative stress biomarker in urine

RUDAŠOVÁ Marína, BODOR Róbert, MASÁR Marián

Katedra analytickej chémie, Prírodovedecká fakulta, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Bratislava

Abstract

Background: 3-nitrotyrosine is one of the most important biomarkers of oxidative damage of proteins, resulting in the formation of various diseases, e.g. Alzheimer´s disease, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, a.o.

Aim: This work dealt with a development of simple, sensitive and rapid microanalytical method for the determination of trace concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine in human urine. The analysis of human urine was performed by microchip electrophoresis with spectrophotometric detection.

Sample and methods: The urine samples of three volunteers were analyzed during the study. To determine the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in urine, microchip electrophoresis combined on-line with spectrophotometric detector working at a 400 nm detection wavelength was used.

Results: Concentration levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (1.2-3.8 μmol/l) was reliably determined by a method of standard addition in the analyzed human urine samples. Microchip electrophoresis with Vis detection provided low limit of detection of 3-nitrotyrosine (42.2 nmol/l) while total time of analysis did not exceed 11 min.

Conclusion: Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the developed method is suitable for simple, sensitive and rapid determination of trace concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine in urine.

Key words: 3-nitrotyrosine. Oxidative stress. Microchip electrophoresis. Spectrophotometric detection.

MARKERS OF LIVER DISEASE IN RELATION TO VARIOUS DIAGNOSES

NETRIOVÁ Jana ^1,2, THÓTHOVÁ Jana ³

¹ Oddelenie klinickej biochémie a hematológie, Nemocnica sv. Michala a.s., Bratislava

² Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

³ Katedra verejného zdravotníctva, Vysoká škola zdravotníctva a sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety, Bratislava

ABSTRACT

Liver disease belong to the diseases that can be significantly affected by unhealthy lifestyle. The aim of this work is to determine whether the basic hepatic markers in patients with liver disease expression differ from healthy subjects and whether they vary with respect to different diagnoses. We processed the numerical data of laboratory parameters ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin obtained from 1996 patients. This group was divided into patients with liver diseases (ICD: K70 - K77) and a control group composed of patients whose disease does not affect endpoints (ICD: H25 - H28, M15 - M19). Our results show a statistically increased concentration of ALT, AST, GMT (p <0.002) hepatic markers in men compared with women whose increase was not statistically significant. Sex is not the only factor for damage of hepar. Important role plays also lifestyle and therapy.

Key words: Hepatal markers. Liver diseases.

ECONOMICAL EFFICIENCY OF MOLECULAR - BIOLOGICAL

LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS

MELUŠ Vladimír, KRAJČOVIČOVÁ Zdenka

Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

ABSTRACT

 Molecular-biological analyses have become an integral part of the laboratory examination methods in health care. They represent the most advanced, but also the most costly group of methods. Our work focused on a comprehensive comparison of the economic efficiency of these laboratory methods in the case of the most beneficial alternatives for their implemen-tation, which is the operational integration of existing methods in the consolidated laboratory medical equipment. On example of the most frequently tested parameters of genetic predis-position for thrombophilia and quantitative determination of the amount of genetic information of the pathogen in patients’ organisms we discuss the most important factors that influence the final cost-effectiveness of methods. We narrowly analyze payroll costs that represented more than half of the total costs for all considered alternatives. Other important components of fixed costs are prices and equipment, while in our work we consider the using of conventional PCR-RFLP techniques as well as newer and more sophisticated real-time PCR. Signifi-cant parts of the work occupy the revenue calculations for the particular testing procedures according to the current catalogue of medical procedures with regard to the possibi-lities of alternative combinations and ambiguities that arise from the catalog. Based on the findings, we can conclude that despite the high costs there is more efficient to introduce modern and faster molecular-biological technologies like the real-time PCR. They significantly accelerate the laboratory analytical phase and consequently the entire diagnostic process which significantly reduce random and gross errors of personnel. Thus they allow a significant economic effecti-visation of the human resources utilization.

Key words: Costs. Incomes. Quality management of laboratory tests.

DETERMINATION OF ETHANOL IN BLOOD AND BREATH

FRAŇO  Ľuboš ^1,2

¹Ústav analytickej chémie, Fakulta chemickej a potravinárskej technológie STU  v Bratislave, Bratislava

² Oddelenie klinickej biochémie, Všeobecná nemocnica Rimavská Sobota, Rimavská Sobota

 ABSTRACT

Analysing of breath alcohol is using in our country since 1950, but determination techniques have considerable improved in last decades. Aim: This study estimates conversion factor between blood ethanol expressed in SI unit g/l to permille. The second part of experiment solving conversion factor between blood ethanol and breath alcohol and finding out discrepancy between alcohol breathalyser Dräger Alcotest 7410 and biochemical analyser ROCHE Cobas® 6000. Patients and Methods: Specimen of blood and breath were obtained of 21 volunteers (18 men and 4 women), who drank alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in the time 2 - 10 hours.  Results: Conversion factor between blood ethanol expressed in g.l^-1 and permille was calculated and its value is F=0,985. Breath ethanol expressed in mg.l^-1 after conversion to permille according to various bibliography demonstrate discrepancies from 17.3 to 21.2 %. The new conversion factor regarding to regression analysis was calculated, its value is 2.3. Conclusion: In present, criminalists and clinical practises uses spectrophotometric, chromatographic and electrochemical methods that are adequate for toxicology testing purpose. But very important is using of SI units for the right interpreting of ethanol level. For breath it is mg.l^-1 and for blood it is g.l^-1. We don ´t recommend to use an obsolete unit permille (‰).

Key worlds: Ethanol. Dräger Alcotest 7410. Cobas 6000. Permille conversion factor.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROCALCITONIN TESTING

IN THE SELECTED DIAGNOSES

GAŠPERCOVÁ Monika ^1,2, PODLUCKÁ Mária ²,  KRAJČOVIČOVÁ Zdenka ¹, MELUŠ Vladimír ²  

¹ Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

²Klinická biochémia, s.r.o., Žilina

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the results of the determination of procal-citonin (PCT) in a file of 160 patients hospitalized at the department of anesthesiology and internal medicine and intensive care units. Our sample consisted of a group of men, women and infants with various diagnoses (n = 160), in which the measured values of PCT were compared with the reference values PCT <0,1μg/l. We tested the rate of dependence between the PCT and inflammatory markers in tested groups. We found that PCT values in the group of men, women and newborns are mostly above the reference range. The correlation between PCT and other laboratory parameters hsCRP and IL-6 was at very low levels (hsCRP: R² = 0.004; n = 50; IL-6: R² = 0.236; n = 50). If the PCT decreases significantly, we can state the retreat of sepsis, right choice of antibiotic treatment and a favorable prognosis of patient.

Key words: Procalcitonin. Sepsis. SIRS. Laboratory medicine.

EXPERIENCES WITH THE PRESEPSIN - CASUISTICS

NETRIOVÁ Jana^1,2, ZELISKOVÁ Helena¹, BALÍKOVÁ Alžbeta¹,

HARUŠTIAKOVÁ Daniela¹, ROHÁČKOVÁ Alžbeta¹, GAJDOŠÍK Miroslav¹

¹ Nemocnica svätého Michala, a.s., Bratislava

² Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

ABSTRACT

Presepsín as a new marker of sepsis has been entered in rou-tine laboratory diagnostics three years ago. In our work we describe five case studies which have proved its excellent prognostic features. Detected concentrations correlated with the clinical status of patients and assist in the differential diagnosis of severe sepsis and septic shock.

Key words: Presepsin. Sepsis. Laboratory diagnostics.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC MARKERS - PAST AND PRESENT

GENŠOROVÁ Zdenka¹, NETRIOVÁ Jana^1,2

¹ Fakulta zdravotníctva, Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne, Trenčín

² Oddelenie klinickej biochémie a hematológie, Nemocnica svätého Michala, a.s., Bratislava

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases are still in the lead position of mor-tality causes in our population. Over the past decade significant progress occurred in their palette, sensitivity and specificity. In our minireview we present a chronological overview of cardiac markers in the context of their role in the biochemical metabolism of patients.

Key words: Cardial marker. Laboratory diagnostics.

ABSTRACT

The work deals with the study of the chromatographic para-meters in an achiral and chiral separation of the chiral drugs from the group of profens (flurbiprofen and ibuprofen). Profens are a group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They are used to relieve the pain of acute and chronic rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and for other disorders of connective tissue, the pain and fever. Chemically, they are derivatives of 2-metylarylpropionic acid. Most often, is the separation and determination of the enantiomers of this group in dosage forms but also in various types of matrices using direct HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) on different types of chiral stationary phases. Anti-inflammatory properties are observed only in the S-enantiomers. Prepa-ration, a wide range of drugs available only with the active enantiomer, ensuring less burden, less side effects and better tolerability for the human body.

Keywords: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. RP-HPLC. Achiral and chiral separation.